WANABIDII BLOG: October 2013

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[wanabidii] LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA

Thursday, October 31, 2013 Add Comment

[wanabidii] LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA

LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN TANZANIA BY DR. REGINALD A. MENGI, CHAIRMAN

TANZANIA PRIVATE SECTOR FOUNDATION

24TH OCTOBER, 2013 DAR ES SALAM

1.0 INTRODUCTION

We all agree on the necessity for local participation in the emerging oil and gas industry in Tanzania. The critical question we need to ask ourselves is what will pave the way for such participation? In the view of Tanzania Private Sector Foundation, it must be a deliberately designed policy that ensures guaranteed levels of local participation in the industry.

If there is much that has been said recently about local participation in the Oil and Gas industry it is because of TPSF's fear that history may repeat itself; in that, a century after gold and diamond reserves were discovered in Tanzania, to this date, the majority of Tanzanians are only playing a marginal role – as artisan miners; low and mid-level employees or suppliers of minor goods and services to international mining companies. Accordingly, concrete steps by the Government and Private Sector are necessary to demonstrate that this phenomenon shall never repeat itself.

TPSF is not in doubt that the Government recognizes the necessity for the empowerment of Tanzanians. This is clearly contained in the policy the Government articulated in its National Economic Empowerment Act of 2004 that: "Natural resources, trade, agriculture industry and other economic opportunities must generate wealth, boost the small and medium enterprise sector, in order to bring about a sustainable affirmative action and facilitate genuine and positive economic empowerment to the population of Tanzanians". It further states that: "Economic empowerment is a central means for bringing about economic growth and social.

justice among our people that is necessary for the promotion of peace, tranquility and social stability that has characterized our society". Unfortunately, the National Economic Empowerment Act was not implemented in a manner that would have empowered Tanzanians in the mining sector. In consequence, Tanzania should not now shy away from this golden opportunity which will wipe our years of agony caused by the mining sector in this country. We have been blessed with a second chance and let us fully utilize it to create sustainable local participation that will benefit future generations.

2.0 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF TANZANIANS IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The overall empowerment of Tanzanians to participate in the oil and gas industry is therefore crucial and in line with the National Economic Empowerment Policy, 2004 and the National Economic Empowerment Act, 2004. The objective is to ensure that we adopt inclusiveness approach to enable Tanzanians and Tanzanian firms to partner with foreign firms at all levels of the value chain – upstream, midstream and downstream.

Tanzania Private Sector Foundation therefore advocates for the enforcement of the National Economic Empowerment Act 2004 which calls for affirmative action to enable Tanzanians to participate effectively and productively in the oil and gas sector rather than remaining spectators. TPSF notes that the Government has developed a natural gas policy which focuses on regulating the mid and downstream activities but it has no link to the National Economic Empowerment Policy.

This is a serious weakness that should be addressed quickly by all of us. It is important to note that the country has no policy to regulate UPSTREAM development in the gas industry, in particular, the allocation of blocks, which would take into account the provisions of the National Economic Empowerment Policy, 2004.

3.0 THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHER COUNTRIES

Many countries, including Mozambique, Uganda, Angola, Libya, Algeria, Ghana and Saudi Arabia are now seeking to create more in value through local content. The most successful countries that have achieved a national content level of 40%-80% include Brazil, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and Norway. Many others which are struggling to reach 25%-30% include Nigeria, Angola, Trinidad and Tobago, Saudi Arabia, and Libya.

3.1 THE CASE OF NIGERIA

In 2010 the Nigerian National Assembly enacted a law titled "Nigeria Oil and Gas Content Development Act" whose main objective is to ensure Nigerians participate effectively in the oil and gas industry. Section 3 (1) of the Act states that Nigerian Independent operators shall be given first consideration in the award of oil blocks, oil field licenses, oil lifting licenses and in all projects for which contract is to be awarded in the oil and gas industry subject to fulfillment of such conditions as may be determined by the Minister.

As a result of the affirmative action, to-date Nigeria has allocated 52% of the 173 awarded blocks to Nigerians and 48% have been given to foreign companies. Nigeria has discovered a total 388 oil blocks. As a result of this move Nigeria has created wealth owned by Nigerians which can be confirmed by the recently published list of 30 billionaires of which the top three are all in the oil and gas business but the list has 14 billionaires investing in oil and gas industry.

3.2 THE CASE OF BRAZIL

Brazil has a law which: aims to grow the local labour market, technology, and its competitiveness; requires oil and gas

companies to contract with Brazilian suppliers; and has a minimum local content requirement for exploration projects of 55%. Ultimately, the local content policy framework in Brazil, due to the Government's strategic push and leadership, has seen policies converted into actionable and measurable impact and the local supplier force has grown extensively over the last three years.

3.3 THE CASE OF ANGOLA

In its effort to ensure local participation by Angolan suppliers in the oil and gas supply chain, Angola has identified a number of products and services which Angolan suppliers have competence in and this group has been categorized as opportunities for Angolan suppliers ONLY.

Because foreign companies have many advantages over local companies, what Angola has done is to stipulate that when a local company can meet the time, quality and quantity requirements but is higher on price, they will be given preference if they are 10% within the required price. 10% may be too low but at least Angola has been specific in its stipulation.

4.0 PARTICIPATION OF TANZANIAN LOCAL FIRMS – A PROPOSED CONTRACTUAL STRATEGY FRAMEWORK

 To maximize Tanzanian Content in the development of gas projects, a list of broad contract categories have been identified. Local content must aim at increasing local participation and develop local capacity towards international competitiveness. Thus, local content development on the back of contracts has been identified as the best model to drive capacity building and local participation. This gives an overview of a strategic case and proposed contractual framework which will guarantee that local suppliers in Tanzania participate in this new market.

 Invitations to Tender need to create an environment promoting local participation. The following activities that will potentially take part in Tanzania need to be considered for local participation:

o For survey service-based contracts (Environmental Impact Assessment, Geotechnical/Geophysical Surveys and Metocean Data).

o The Government should identify individual areas of expertise that are required as part of FEED and assess in which of these Tanzanian firms have competence (i.e. risers, flow lines, PLEMs, umbilicals, manifolds and foundations, subsea control system and Xmas trees). All FEED work carried out shall include the use of all available materials, facilities and installation equipment locally available in Tanzania. This will be a crucial evaluation criterion in all FEED contract packages.

o When it comes to Detailed Engineering Design work, the international contractor should go into a joint venture/partnership with competent and capable Tanzanian engineering companies with a capacity to deliver on small elements (work packages) that can be locally executed. These must however be domiciled in the country. These alliances must show clear evidence that they support technical growth and improve their capacity to compete for the contracts.

o Other areas of focus that the Tanzanian Government must mandate 1st tier construction contractors to sub-contract to Tanzanian firms must include roads, mechanical and electrical works, painting, insulation, machine operation and building services.

o The Government must require suppliers of subsea hardware to carry out their Systems Integration Tests in Tanzania.

o Fabrication has been identified in several countries as a major area of focus in Local Content Development. The Government should ensure that piles, decks, anchors, buoys, jackets, pipe racks, bridges, flare booms and storage tanks will be fabricated locally as far as possible. It is said to take at least 5 years to develop a fabrication yard and competence from scratch. With the production date set for 7 to 10 year timeline, this calls for fabrication development initiatives to start YESTERDAY. We are already running behind.

o Like Norway, Tanzania should require for Research & Development Centers be established in Tanzania. This will ensure that technology transfer takes place.

 The emphasis therefore is towards knowledge transfer so that in future these firms can compete independently and even act as mentors to other Tanzanian companies that lack technical capacities to be globally competitive.

 Tanzania signs PSA with the operators but it is not the operators who do most of the work. A big chunk of the work is being done by what is being referred to as Tier 1 Suppliers. How then does the Government ensure that these Tier 1 Suppliers do create an environment that accommodates local participation? It is a common practice in countries where is a local content policy that it is the operators who have the responsibility to ensure that Tier 1 Suppliers do create this environment. Operators are made accountable for their Tier 1 Suppliers.

5.0 ISSUE OF CAPITAL AND EXPERTISE

Tanzanians fully recognize that exploration and extraction of minerals be them gold, oil or gas requires "rare skills" and vast amount of capital. This creates considerable reliance on foreign investors. On the other hand, Tanzanians have their vast mineral resources, which the foreign investors do not have and at this time Tanzania offers an attractive climate for their investment. Thus, Tanzanians (not only through their Government but also through their Private Sector) would be bringing their mineral resources (gold, oil, gas etc.) to the table and, likewise, the foreign investors bring their "rare skills" and vast amount of capital (which is what they have) to the table in agreed proportions. This is what partnership is all about! So, this notion of Tanzanians being weak and lacking capital is imaginary and should be discarded. The minerals are a huge part of the capital.

The issue is how the Tanzania Private Sector can be facilitated to access the mineral resources of their country. Partnership between Tanzanians and foreign investors can and should be facilitated by the Government through its declared policy of empowerment and affirmative action (National Economic Empowerment Act no. 16 of 2004) and our oil and gas sector presents historic opportunities. The most important factor is for Tanzanians to have the capacity to effectively negotiate with foreign partners to ensure balanced partnership agreements.

6.0 THE ISSUE OF TPDC SHARES FOR TANZANIANS

There was an announcement at the Oil and Gas conference by the Honourable Minister of Energy and Minerals that Tanzanians shall participate through the purchase of TPDC shares when such shares shall be offered to the public. The major shortcoming of this arrangement is that it will have denied Tanzanians opportunities to develop the capacity that will enable them to participate in all aspects of the developments of the sector and internalize such capacity in the domestic private sector for present and future generations.

7.0 WHOM TO EMPOWER

A question raised most – both within and outside the Government – is how the Government will choose who, among Tanzanians, it shall empower. There may well be some merit in this question. Yet, this question arises more when it comes to allocation of upstream oil and gas operations to Tanzanians. Less pronounced, however, is that in addition to Public Procurement Policy (which includes some preferential arrangement to local suppliers), the Government has already stated its commitment to ensure that the "midstream and downstream" gas development shall be dominated by Tanzanian Private Sector.

In consequence, there is no reason why the criteria applicable to choose the Tanzanians for empowerment in "midstream and upstream" oil and gas operations, should also not apply to choosing them for allocation of oil and gas blocks. It may be fair to add that Tanzanians aspiring especially for oil and gas blocks should have entities based on an inclusive (rather than an individual) shareholding structure with demonstrated capacity for partnership with foreign investors. It is important to emphasize two things: countries benefit more in terms of technology and transfer of skills if foreign investment involves joint ventures with local companies and secondly, foreign investors are more attracted to a country where local investors have a reasonable stake in their economy.

8.0 CONCLUSION

What makes gas a curse is the policies not the product itself. Taking loans on future earnings is one of the traps. Tanzania should not fall into this trap of being offered huge loans that it can use its future earnings from this industry as collateral. We want the earnings of this industry to be used to develop and build Tanzania into becoming a Middle Income Country and most importantly benefit the future generation.

TPSF is known for its particular interest in seeing local participation in exploration activities and owning blocks. It is through the local content policy that this can be achieved. An example of how it can be done is through local companies forming Joint Ventures with a Tier 1 Supplier. This will automatically reduce the risk factors and give local participants a stake in this crucial resource.

There are no two countries or situations which are exactly alike; but if history and experience is of any guide, one thing is abundantly clear: countries that have succeeded in creating prosperity for their people through their mineral resources (Botswana, Norway, Malaysia to mention a few) are those that not only ensured maximum local content in the process, but also empowered their people to effectively participate in the upstream, midstream and downstream of the resource development.

Additionally, these countries observed a high level of transparency in the development and management of their mineral resources and accountability to their people of their actions pertaining to their mineral sector. The choices for Tanzania are clear! Tanzania should emulate the winners to ensure prosperity for its people.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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[wanabidii] Kisomo cha marehemu Luteni Rajabu Mlima, DMV, Marekani

Thursday, October 31, 2013 Add Comment

[wanabidii] Kisomo cha marehemu Luteni Rajabu Mlima, DMV, Marekani

Luteni Rajabu Ahmed Mlima

Familia ya Mlima inataarifu kuhusu kisomo cha mtoto wao Luteni Rajabu Ahmed Mlima (mdogo wake Mayor Mlima anayeishi DMV) kitakachofanyika siku ya Jumamosi Novemba 2, 2013, Wheaton Maryland kuanzia saa 11 jioni.

Ukiisoma taarifa hii tafadhali mueleze na jirani yako.

Anwani ya mahali pa kisomo ni: 11901 Claridhe Rd, Wheaton, MD 20902.

Kufika kwako ndio mafanikio ya kisomo hiki!

KARIBUNI

[wanabidii] Tarifa ya Wizara ya Elimu kuhusu viwango vya alama, alama endelevu na ufaulu

Thursday, October 31, 2013 Add Comment

[wanabidii] Tarifa ya Wizara ya Elimu kuhusu viwango vya alama, alama endelevu na ufaulu

JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO WA TANZANIA

WIZARA YA ELIMU NA MAFUNZO YA UFUNDI

UPANGAJI WA VIWANGO VYA ALAMA, MATUMIZI YA ALAMA ENDELEVU YA MWANAFUNZI NA UFAULU

UTANGULIZI

Wizara imekusanya maoni ya Wadau wa Elimu kuhusu Upangaji wa Viwango vya Alama (Grade Ranges) katika Mitihani ya Kuhitimu Kidato cha Nne na cha Sita pamoja na Matumizi ya Alama za Tathmini Endelevu ya Mwanafunzi (Continuous Assessment ama CA) kwa ajili ya kuamua kiwango cha ufaulu wa mwanafunzi. Maoni ya wadau yamekusanywa kwa sababu kwa muda mrefu sasa upangaji wa viwango vya alama vinavyotumika na utaratibu wake katika mitihani ya kuhitimu Kidato cha Nne na Kidato cha Sita umekuwa haufanani pamoja na kwamba mitihani hiyo yote ni ya elimu ya sekondari. Pia mfumo masuala mbalimbali ya mitihani katika elimu ya sekondari umekuwa na miundo tofauti ikiwemo ule unaotumika shuleni na ule wa Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa. Kwa sasa kuna miundo mikuu miwili katika mfumo huo.

Muundo wa Kwanza ni upangaji wa viwango katika ngazi ya Shule ambapo Alama Mgando (Fixed Grade Ranges) zifuatazo

hutumika kupanga madaraja: A = 81 – 100; B = 61 – 80; C = 41 – 60; D = 21 – 40 na F = 0 – 20. Muundo huu umetumika kwa muda mrefu na umezoeleka kwa walimu na wanafunzi wa elimu ya sekondari kwa ujumla.

Muundo wa Pili ni wa viwango vinavyotumiwa na Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa ambapo ambapo kabla ya mwaka 2012 muundo wa viwango nyumbufu (flexible grade ranges) ulitumika. Katika muundo huu uwigo wa alama ulibadilika badilika kulingana na hali ya matokeo ilivyokuwa kwa mwaka husika. Lakini kuanzia mwaka 2012, Serikali iliamua kutumia mfumo wa Upangaji wa Alama Mgando (Fixed Grade Range) kwa Kidato cha Nne na Kidato cha Sita. Katika mtihani wa Kidato cha Nne mwaka 2012 Baraza lilitumia mfumo huu wa alama mgando ambapo: A = 80 – 100, B = 65 – 79, C = 50 – 64, D = 35 – 49, F = 0 – 34. Kwa upande wa Kidato cha Sita Baraza lilitumia mfumo wa A = 80 – 100; B = 75 - 79; C = 65 – 74; D = 55 – 64; E = 45 – 54; S = 40 – 44 na F = 0 – 39. Mifumo hii ya Baraza haikuwa inafahamika kwa wadau na hivyo kuwa sehemu ya malalamiko katika sekta ya elimu na mafunzo.

Vilevile, Sera ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya mwaka 1995 imeelekeza kwamba katika kuamua kiwango cha ufaulu wa mwanafunzi wa elimu ya sekondari, Alama za CA zitachangia asilimia hamsini (50%) na Mtihani wa mwisho utachangia asilimia hamsini (50%). Kwa upande wa Zanzibar, CA zimekuwa zikiandaliwa kwa mfumo wa asilimia arobaini (40%) na mtihani wa mwisho asilimia sitini (60%). Pamoja na kwamba Baraza halijawahi kuutumia mifumo hii tangu ilipowekwa, kumekuwa na mitazamo, maoni na mapendekezo tofauti katika muundo na matumizi ya alama za CA. Kuna mawazo pia kwamba mfumo wa CA kuchangia matokeo ya mwisho ya mwanafunzi pia utumike kwa watahiniwa wa kujitegemea (private candidates). Kwa sasa matokeo ya mitihani ya watahiniwa hawa yamekuwa yakitumia alama za mtihani wa mwisho tu na hivyo kutafsiriwa kama utaratibu ambao unamwonea mwanafunzi ambaye anahamu ya kujiendeleza kielimu lakini anakwama kwa sababu mfumo unaotumika siyo rafiki kwa mtahiniwa.

Kwa mantiki hii, Wizara imedhamiria kufanya harmonization ya masuala ya alama katika mitihani ya Kidato cha Nne na Kidato cha Sita ili kupata muundo mmoja na ulio wazi kwa wadau wote wa elimu ya sekondari. Lakini pia serikali imedhamiria kuhakikisha tathmini za wanafunzi katika ngazi mbalimbali zinakwenda sambamba na matarajio ya mitaala inayotumika na ambayo inahuishwa mara kwa mara ili iendane na wakati na mahitaji ya elimu katika ngazi mbalimbali.

VIWANGO NA UTARATIBU KUANZIA MWAKA 2013 KWA KIDATO CHA NNE NA KIDATO CHA SITA KWA MWAKA 2014

Baada ya kufanya tathmini ya maoni mbalimbali ya wadau, misingi ifuatayo ilizingatiwa katika maamuzi kuhusu makundi ya alama na muachano wake:

a)     Alama zitakazotumika zitakuwa A, B, C, D, E na F. Muachano wa alama kati ya kundi moja hadi jingine utafanana, isipokuwa tu pale ambapo itaonekana kuna sababu na hakuna athari za kuwa na muachano tofauti na ule ambao umetumika katika makundi mengine.

b)    Makundi ya alama hayatakuwa na clusters isipokuwa pale ambapo itaonekana kufanya hivyo kunaleta tija katika kupata picha ya wahitimu kwa ajili ya matumizi mbalimbali. Kwa mantiki hii

(i)      makundi ya alama A, C, D, E na F yabaki na cluster moja moja bali kundi la alama B litakuwa na clusters mbili. Kundi la kwanza litakuwa la wale ambao wamepata alama kati ya 50 mpaka 59 na litaitwa B na lingine litakuwa la wale ambao wamevuka uwigo wa 50 hadi 59 na kuelekea uwigo wa 60 hadi 74 na hili litaitwa B+ (angalia jedwali hapo chini).

(ii)     Pamoja na kuwa na muachano wa alama 26 kama jedwali linavyoonesha hapo chini, alama A kwa miaka mingi imekuwa ikianzia alama 75 hadi 100 na kwamba pamoja na uwigo huo bado wanaofaulu kwa kiwango hicho ni wachache sana. Kwa mantiki hii, hakuna haja ya kubadilisha uwigo ila juhudi ziendelee katika ufundishaji na ujifunzaji ili kiwango cha ufaulu kiongezeke na kupata wanafunzi wengi zaidi wanaofaulu katika kundi hili.

(iii)    Pia, pamoja na kuwa na muachano wa alama 20 kama jedwali linavyoonesha hapo chini kwa miaka mingi, huko shuleni mwanafunzi aliyepata alama 21 na hadi 30 alihesabiwa kuwa na ufaulu wa chini kabisa au hafifu kwa kiwango cha alama D na ingawa ilikubalika ufaulu wa aina hiyo kwa mazingira ya nchi yetu unaridhisha. Alama Filikuwa ni kwa wale waliopata chini ya hapo. Hivyo, alama F itaendelea kuwepo na itaanzia alama 0 hadi 19 na E itaanzia alama 20 hadi 29 na D – 30 -39. Lengo la muundo huu ni kuwa alama mbalimbali, isipokuwa kwa makundi machache, zianzie kwenye 0 yaani 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 na kuendelea badala ya kuanzia kwenye moja yaani 1, 11, 21, 31, 41 na kuendelea. Hii ni kwa ajili ya kuleta mtizamo unaofanana katika ngazi mbalimbali za elimu ambapo kwa sasa ngazi ambazo siyo za elimu msingi na sekondari zinatumia muundo wa kuanzia kwenye 0 badala ya 1.

c)     Uwigo wa jumla wa alama kwa Kidato cha Nne na Kidato cha Sita utaendelea kuwa wa alama 0 hadi 100 na kila kundi katika uwigo huu limepewa tafsiri kwa ajili ya kuamua mambo mbalimbali yanayohusu maendeleo ya mwanafunzi kulingana na malengo ya mtihani husika. Kimsingi, tafsiri zifuatazo zitakatumika

(i)      Alama A itakuwa na maana ya ufaulu uliojipambanua (distincion or outstanding performance),

(ii)     Alama B+ itakuwa na maana ya ufaulu bora sana (excellent performance),

(iii)    Alama B itakuwa na maana ya ufaulu mzuri sana ( very good perfomance),

(iv)    Alama C itakuwa na maana ya ufaulu mzuri (good performance);

(v)     Alama D itakuwa na maana ya ufaulu wa wastani (low performance),

(vi)     Alama E itakuwa na maana ya ufaulu hafifu (very low performance), na

(vii)   Alama F itakuwa na maana ya ufaulu usioridhisha (unsatisfactory performance).

Wataalamu katika maeneo mbalimbali ya elimu na ulimwengu wa kazi, kwa kushirikiana na Wizara, watatoa maana ya tafsiri hizi kiutendaji katika maeneo yao kulingana pia na mahitaji yao.

d)    Alama C iwe ndiyo alama ya ufaulu mzuri ambao hauhitaji urekebu wa lazima, wakati alama D na E ni alama za ufaulu unaohitaji urekebu kadri mwanafunzi atakavyokuwa anaendelea na masomo ili kuthibitisha kama mlengwa anaweza na kulingana na mahitaji ya eneo husika (targeted remediation). Alama F iwe alama ya eneo linalohitaji urekebu wa hali ya juu (intesive remediation) ili mwanafunzi huyo aweze kumudu masomo kadri anavyoendelea kukua kielimu ama atakapoingia katika ulimwengu wa kazi.

e)     Makundi ya alama yatajumuisha CA kwa kiwango cha asilimia isiyozidi 40 na mtihani wa mwisho kwa asilimia isiyozidi 60 kwa makundi yote ya watahiniwa ikiwemo wale wa kujitegemea (private candidates). Hii ni kwa kuzingatia kwamba CA siyo vizuri izidi uwigo wa alama ya ufaulu mzuri unapoanzia ambayo ni C au 40.

f)      CA kwa upande wa Kidato cha Nne zitokane na mtihani wa Kidato cha Pili (alama 15), matokeo ya Kidato  cha Tatu (alama 5 kwa kila muhula, na hivyo jumla ya alama 10), mtihani wa Mock (alama 10) na kazi mradi  au Projects (alama 5). Kwa upande wa Kidato cha Sita, CA iendelee kutokana na muundo unaotumika sasa.

g)     CA zitumike pia kwa watahiniwa wa kujitegemea. Kwa upande wa watahiniwa wa kujitegmea ambao wanarudia Mitihani, CA zao  zitumike zile zilizotumika kutoa matokeo yake ya mitihani ya awali.  Kwa watahiniwa wa kujitegemea waliopitia mfumo wa Qualifying Test (QT), matokeo ya QT yatumike kama CA na mtihani wa mwisho uchangie alama 60.

h)    Kwa vile alama endelevu kwa mwaka 2013 kwa wanafunzi wa Kidato cha Nne tayari zimeshawasilishwa Baraza la Mitihani  Tanzania, alama hizo zichangie asilimia 40 katika mtihani wa Kidato cha Nne mwaka 2013.

i)       Muundo wa wastani wa alama katika ufaulu (Grade Points Average ama GPA) utaandaliwa na kuanza kutumika pale utakapokuwa tayari na wadau wataelimishwa kuhusu muundo huo ili wapate kuufahamu na manufaa yake katika elimu ya sekondari.

j)       Muundo huu mpya wa alama utatumika kwa mzunguko wa miaka minne kabla haujahuishwa tena ili kuupa muda wa kutosha kuona aina ya changamoto zinazojitokeza na jinsi ya kuzishughulikia. Aina hii ya muda itaruhusu vidato vinne vya elimu ya sekondari ya kawaida na nane ya elimu ya sekondari ya juu kupimwa. Hata hivyo, uhusihaji wa masuala ya mitihani unaweza ukafanyika iwapo matokeo ya uhuishaji wa mitaala kwa ujumla utahitaji pia eneo la mitihani liguswe na kuhuishwa pia.

Kwa mantiki hii, viwango vya alama na ufaulu ni kama inavyooneshwa kwenye jedwali la 1 hapa chini:

Jedwali Na 1

MUUNDO WA ALAMA NA UFAULU

ALAMA	UWIGO WA ALAMA	IDADI YA ALAMA	TAFSIRI
A	75 - 100	26	Ufauli Uliojipambanua
B+	60 - 74	15	Ufaulu bora sana
B	50- 59	10	Ufaulu mzuri sana
C	40 - 49	10	Ufaulu mzuri
D	30 - 39	10	Ufaulu Hafifu
E	20 - 29	10	Ufaulu hafifu sana
F	0 - 19	20	Ufaulu usioridhisha

Kwa aina hii ya muundo wa alama, na kwa kuwa muundo wa GPA utaanza kuandaliwa na wadau kuelimishwa kabla haujaanza kutumika, katika kipindi hiki mpaka wakati huo, muundo wa madaraja utakuwa kama inavyooneshwa kwenye jedwali la 2 hapa chini.

Jedwali Na 2

MUUNDO WA MADARAJA

MUUNDO WA ZAMANI		MUUNDO MPYA		MAELEZO
POINTI	DARAJA	POINTI	DARAJA	MAELEZO
7-17	1	7-17	I	Kundi la ufaulu uliojipambanua na bora sana
18-21	II	18-24	II	Kundi la ufaulu mzuri sana
22-25	III	25-31	III	Kundi la ufaulu mzuri na wa wastani
26-33	IV	32-47	IV	Kundi ufaulu hafifu
34-35	0	48-49	V	Kundi la ufaulu usioridhisha

Wataalamu wa mifumo ya mitihani watalifanyia kazi zaidi jedwali hili la madaraja ili liweze kutumika kwa ufanisi katika kipindi hiki cha mpito.

Kwa mantiki hii, Daraja Sifuri linafutwa na kuwekwa daraja litakalojulikana kama Daraja la Tano na ambalo litakuwa ndilo la mwisho kabisa katika ufaulu.

HITIMISHO

Mabadiliko haya yamefanyika ili kuendelea kuimarisha mfumo wetu wa elimu na kuweka wazi taratibu mbalimbali kwa ajili ya mitihani na masuala mengine. Yako mambo mengi mengine ambayo hayana budi kuendelea kuimarishwa ikiwemo mfumo wa mitaala, walimu, mazingira ya kujifunzia na kufundishia pamoja na vitabu na vifaa vingine muhimu katika elimu. Masuala haya yanaendelea kuangaliwa kupitia mikakati mbalimbali ikiwemo mpango wa Matokeo Makubwa Sasa ama Big Results Now (BRN). Ushirikiano wa wadau wote ili kuleta tija kwenye elimu ni muhimu sana na hivyo wizara itaendelea kuwashirikisha wadau wote kwa kadri itakavyohitajika na wadau pia wanaombwa wasiache kuishirikisha wizara pale watakapokuwa na jambo lolote ambalo linahitaji ushirikiano ili kwa pamoja tuweze kupata mafanikio katika sekta ya elimu.

Imetolewa na,

KATIBU MKUU
WIZARA YA ELIMU NA MAFUNZO YA UFUNDI

[wanabidii] Malawi among top ten countries to visit in 2014

Thursday, October 31, 2013 Add Comment

[wanabidii] Malawi among top ten countries to visit in 2014

According to one of the world's most authentic media houses, the BBC, Malawi has been named as one of the top ten countries in the world to visit in 2014 by travel guide Lonely Planet. The destinations featured in the book were selected because they meet certain criteria. This is something special we should celebrate about and another indicator that our government's efforts to promote trade and tourism in this country have not been met with futility. We will continue lifting up this country to the standards that genuinely reflects the phrase, "the Warm Heart of Africa."

Good morning.

Have a blessed day!

Dr Joyce Banda
President
Republic of Malawi

[wanabidii] Mwanga adondoka huko Msata-Chalinze

Thursday, October 31, 2013 Add Comment

Mwanga adondoka huko Msata-Chalinze

[wanabidii] Dangote among top 10 most valuable brands in Africa

Thursday, October 31, 2013 Add Comment

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PRESS RELEASE

Dangote among top 10 most valuable brands in Africa

LAGOS, Nigeria, October 31, 2013/ -- As a measure of its business growth and influence across the continent, Dangote Group (http://www.dangote.com) emerged among Africa’s top 10 most valuable brands in 2013 according to a survey conducted by African Business Magazine.

Logo: http://www.photos.apo-opa.com/plog-content/images/apo/logos/dangote.jpeg

The survey recognized Dangote as the most valuable brand in the consumer goods sector with an African brand value of 216 and overall 8th most valuable brand when placed against brands from other sectors.

The survey tagged ‘The Brand Africa 100 table’ (http://www.brandafrica.net/BrandAfrica100Awards.aspx) was established in 2011 and seeks to identify, acknowledge and promote African and global brands that are catalysts for Africa’s growth, reputation and value. The survey further recognizes African brands which were beginning to challenge or lead global brands in Africa and across various industries including telecommunications.

Explaining its method at arriving at the brands’ ranking said “the study involved a comprehensive research among consumers 18 years and older, living in representative countries in metropolitan sub-Saharan Africa regions to draw up a list of the most admired African and global brands in Africa. Each respondent was asked to mention the five local and global brands they admired.

Commenting on the recognition of Dangote brand, the magazine stated that: “… what is perhaps a little more surprising is that Dangote, the largest manufacturing conglomerate in West Africa, and Globacom, the Nigeria-based telecommunication provider, are also in the lists. Both brands have managed to win the hearts of the communities in which they operate.”

Dangote’s emergence did not come as a surprise to industry watchers. The brand has steadily increased its influence in many African nations through establishment of cement factories. It operates in about 13 African nations making one of the most visible, recognized and admired brands.

Distributed by APO (African Press Organization) on behalf of Dangote Group.

Media Contact:

Anthony Chiejina

Email: corporate.communications@dangote.com

About Dangote Group

The Dangote Group (http://www.dangote.com) is the most diversified business conglomerate in West Africa with a hard-earned reputation for excellent business practices and products' quality with its operational headquarters in the bustling metropolis of Lagos, Nigeria in West Africa.

Since inception, the Group has experienced phenomenal growth on account of quality of its goods and services, its focus on cost leadership and efficiency of its human capital. Today, Dangote Group is a multi-billion Naira company poised to reach new heights, in every endeavour competing with itself to better the past.

The Group's core business focus is to provide local, value added products and services that meet the 'basic needs' of the populace. Through the construction and operation of large scale manufacturing facilities in Nigeria and across Africa, the Group is focused on building local manufacturing capacity to generate employment and provide goods for the people.

For more information visit: http://www.dangote.com

SOURCE

Dangote Group

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[wanabidii] IF M23 IS DEFEATED, WHAT WILL PRESIDENT PAUL KAGAME DO?

Thursday, October 31, 2013 Add Comment

[wanabidii] IF M23 IS DEFEATED, WHAT WILL PRESIDENT PAUL KAGAME DO?

"As Goma fell to Rwanda's troops President Museveni of Uganda and President Kagame of Rwanda, both condemnable co-authors of this latest outrage against the Congolese people, met President Kabila of DRC in Kampala in a sham diplomacy designed to serve him with a fait accompli and an ultimatum to accept M23 as a Congolese organization with legitimate demands. Even then, Kagame must know this: it will be a futile exercise since, like all his ventures in DRC, he will be forced to abandon it, leaving with bags of coltan, diamonds and gold, and behind him a trail of blood, tears and sweat of Rwandans and Congolese. DRC will, sooner than later, prove to be Paul Kagame's Achilles heel, as wars that he has perpetuated abroad finally reverberate on the hills of Rwanda. This worst case scenario is not inevitable, but the time to act to prevent continuing bloodshed is now."

http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/85523

Since then more Congolese and Rwandan blood has been shed and millions of Congolese people displaced.

The last few days have been , like most events in the Great Lakes region, very dramatic. Kagame's proxy creation, the M23, has, according to Martin Kobler, the United Nations Special Envoy to the Democratic Republic of Congo, "seen its military end." M23′s fortunes, essentially Kagame's, are confined to "a small triangle close to the Rwandan border." The last 12 months have been what in Latin is termed, "Annus Horribilis" or a horrible year for His Excellency Paul Kagame.

It is too early to write an epitaph on Kagame's dangerous and costly ventures in DRC. However, it is clear that times have changed, and that the game-changers are South Africa and Tanzania as SADC's Force Intervention Brigade, coupled with renewed commitment of the Congolese Army. It is this new factor that makes both President Kagame and President Museveni, long used to have free but disruptive hands in DRC, very uneasy and scrambling for ways to respond to the new realities.

How will President Kagame respond?

First, Kagame looks at Rwanda, Congolese and African people as 'expendables' in his quest for maintaining his dictatorial power in Rwanda, and projecting it into DRC. For now, he might decide to sacrifice the Congolese Tutsi in M23, take them into Uganda and Rwanda as refugees, and disarm them. Like Generals Nkunda ( under 'house arrest' in Rwanda) and Ntaganda ( now in ICC), General Makenga and his colleagues are indeed an endangered species. Knowing Kagame's psychology, he has , most likely, passed a death sentence to these officers to whom he gave a mission impossible.

Second, he might relocate the remnants of the M23 to south Kivu. Unfortunately, the Tutsi of south Kivu, namely the Banyamulenge, have suffered enough from Kagame's opportunistic actions in DRC and are not likely to render support to such an adventure.

Third, as has happened in the past, when his enterprise in DRC has suffered setbacks, President Museveni has come to his rescue through sham peace talks under what is called International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR). President Kagame and President Museveni use the ICGLR to buy time, and obstruct the role of the African Union, and to fight the SADC (South Africa and Tanzania) presence in DRC.

Fourth, President Museveni and President Kagame have been working hard to lure President Kenyatta into their shrinking sphere of influence and isolate Tanzania in the East African Community. Weakened and frustrated, Museveni and Kagame will most likely deepen the tempo of this action.

Fifth, where other people's lives are involved, Kagame is a dangerous risk-taker and gambler who can take precipitate actions without considering the costs. He might, as his Ambassador at the United Nations threatened last Friday, decide to launch a full invasion into DRC, repeating the 1996/97/98 cycle. He now knows the consequences of facing South African and Tanzanian troops, a Kagame-weary international community, a more effective Congolese Army, a Congolese state that is striving to be united at the top, a Congolese public that is united against Kagame's violence, a hostile Congolese Tutsi community that is now aware that they are being manipulated by Kagame for his selfish agenda, and a Rwandan nation that is opposed to his war-making at home and abroad. Yet, like a losing gambler, Kagame will often raise the stakes in pursuit of his objectives. That is what happened in 1994 when he decided to shoot down the plane, killing President Habyarimana and triggering the genocide. That is what happened in 2001 when, under his orders, President Laurent Kabila of DRC was assassinated.

Within the next two years, as President Kagame's horizons shrink regionally, internationally, and further with Rwanda, the prospects for civil war within Rwanda will correspondingly increase. Kagame has made enough enemies in Rwanda and the Great Lakes region. In the absence of an African and international effort to compel Kagame to talk peace to his political and armed opponents ( including FDLR), these enemies will find just cause and opportunity to take arms against Kagame's regime, and the consequences will be catastrophic.

Now that Africans through SADC have demonstrated that Africans can make a difference in DRC, this is not the time to sit and relax. What the 20,000-strong, 1.5 billion U.S. $ a year, United Nations MONUSCO could not do over 10 years, Tanzania and South Africa have been able to do in a few months.

SADC should remain deployed in DRC until a peaceful and lasting solution is found for DRC and Rwanda.

Once gain, to reiterate my earlier thought:

"DRC will, sooner than later, prove to be Paul Kagame's Achilles heel, as wars that he has perpetuated abroad finally reverberate on the hills of Rwanda. This worst case scenario is not inevitable, but the time to act to prevent continuing bloodshed is now"

How prophetic!